Abstract Background: Chromoblastomycosis is a skin infection caused by dematiaceous fungi that take the form of muriform cells in the tissue. It mainly manifests as verrucous plaques on the lower limbs of rural workers in tropical countries. Objectives: The primary objective of this review is to evaluate the accuracy of diagnostic methods for the identification of chromoblastomycosis, considering the histopathological examination as the reference test. Methods: MEDLINE, LILACS and Scielo databases were consulted using the terms ‟chromoblastomycosis” AND ‟diagnosis”. The eligibility criteria were: studies that evaluated the accuracy of tests for the diagnosis of chromoblastomycosis. Eleven studies were selected. Statistical analysis included the calculation of sensitivity and specificity of the diagnostic methods. Results: Considering the histopathological examination as the reference test, the culture showed a sensitivity (S) of 37.5% - 90.9% and a specificity (Sp) of 100%; while direct mycological examination showed S = 50% - 91.6% and Sp of 100% . Considering the culture as the reference test, the serology (precipitation techniques) showed S of 36% - 99%; and Sp of 80% - 100%; while the intradermal test showed S of 83.3% - 100% and Sp of 99.4% - 100%. Study limitations: The small number of studies and very discrepant sensitivity results among them do not allow the calculation of summary measures through a meta-analysis. Conclusions: Direct mycological examination, culture, intradermal test and serology show sensitivity and specificity values for the diagnosis of chromoblastomycosis with no significant difference between the studies.

RESUMO Neste artigo analisamos os anos finais do ensino fundamental na Base Nacional Comum Curricular nas diferentes áreas de conhecimento, refletindo sobre seus impactos na escola básica e na formação de professores. O trabalho é documental, situado na Linguística Aplicada, e dialoga com os Novos Estudos do Letramento. Os dados foram gerados da análise do documento, orientada pela questão do digital proposta pela normativa. Os caminhos que orientaram as discussões: o entendimento sobre a concepção de letramento, de tecnologias digitais e a identificação de gêneros discursivos sugeridos nos componentes. Os resultados apontam práticas de letramento ideológico embasando ações sugeridas para as áreas, ainda que haja variação sobre como e o que seja usar tecnologias digitais em situações de ensino e no trabalho com gêneros. Acreditamos que os reflexos da Base Nacional Comum Curricular sobre as práticas escolares e a formação docente ainda precisam ser avaliados, a despeito dos benefícios sinalizados por ela.

ABSTRACT In this article, we analyze the final years of elementary and middle schools, in the National Common Curricular Base, in different knowledge areas, reflecting on their impacts on basic school and on the formation of teachers. It is a documental paper, situated in the Applied Linguistics and it dialogues with the New Studies of Literacy. The data were generated from the analysis of the document, guided by the digital matter proposed by the normative. The paths that guided the talks: the understanding of the conception of literacy, digital technologies and the identification of discursive genre suggested in the components. The results point to ideological literacy practices based upon actions suggested for the areas, even if there is a variation about how and what it is to use digital technologies in teaching situations and in the work with the discursive genre. We believe that the reflexes of National Common Curricular Base on school practices and the formation of teachers still need to be assessed, despite the benefits signaled by it.

RESUMEN En este artículo analizamos los últimos años de la escuela primaria, en la Base de Currículo Nacional Común, en las diferentes áreas de conocimiento, reflexionando sobre sus impactos en la escuela primaria y en la formación de maestros. El trabajo es documental, ubicado en Lingüística Aplicada, y diálogos con los Nuevos Estudios de Alfabetización. Los datos se generaron a partir del análisis de documentos, guiados por el problema digital, propuesto por la normativa. Los caminos que guiaron las discusiones: comprensión sobre la concepción de la alfabetización, de tecnologías digitales y la identificación de géneros discursivos sugeridos en los componentes. Los resultados apuntan a prácticas de alfabetización ideológica que respaldan las acciones sugeridas para las áreas, a pesar de que existe una variación sobre cómo y qué usar las tecnologías digitales en situaciones de enseñanza y en el trabajo con géneros. Creemos que las reflexiones de Base de Currículo Nacional Común sobre las prácticas escolares y la formación docente aún deben evaluarse, a pesar de los beneficios señalados por este.

Abstract The objective of this work was to evaluate the paleodepositional conditions and potential for the hydrocarbons generation of the outcropping shales in the Southern Compartment of the Recôncavo Basin, indicative of the Candeias and Maracangalha Formations (Lower Cretaceous), from the organic geochemical characterization and analysis of palinofacies. For this, 23 samples of outcrops were collected near the cities of Santo Amaro, São Francisco do Conde and Simões Filho, State of Bahia, Brazil. All samples were analyzed for total organic carbon (TOC), total sulfur, insoluble residue, Rock-Eval pyrolysis, whole oil chromatography, stable isotopes of oxygen, organic and inorganic carbon, saturated biomarkers and palynofacies, performed at the Center of Excellence in Geochemistry of the Institute of Geosciences of the Universidade Federal da Bahia (Lepetro), Brazil. The parameters provided by the geochemical analyzes indicate significant differences between the outcrops under study, mainly regarding the quantity and the quality of the organic matter, thus configuring a difference in the conditions of production and preservation of the organic matter during the time of deposition of the shales. There are layers rich in organic carbon, containing well-preserved type I kerogen, indicating anoxic depositional conditions. In contrast, poor layers of organic content, containing residual kerogen (type IV), occur, reflecting oxidizing conditions of the depositional environment. The observed differences suggest that the variability of the geochemical properties of the organic matter reflects the climatic variations occurred during the deposition of the sediments of the Candeias and Maracangalha Formations. As a consequence, there are levels with potential for generation and levels with no potential for hydrocarbon generation.

RESUMO Este artigo discute a adoção da perspectiva de gêneros discursivos na esfera escolar, enfocando um trabalho didático desenvolvido com o gênero oral debate deliberativo, em uma sequência didática, conforme modelo proposto pelo grupo de Genebra, trabalhada com alunos de Ensino Técnico Integrado ao Médio. Os resultados dessa prática nos proporcionaram reflexões teóricas importantes, indicando que, embora haja problemáticas ao se didatizar gêneros em situações de ensino-aprendizagem; há também possibilidades de ensino, que podem promover trabalhos contextualizados com a língua materna. Os dados possibilitaram também a descrição do gênero pelo eixo da multimodalidade para fomentar seus usos em sala de aula.

ABSTRACT This paper discusses the consequences of adopting discursive genre perspective in school sphere, based on work with an oral genre, deliberative debate, as a didactic sequence worked with High School/Professional Education students, based on model proposed by Geneva group. The results of this practical provided many important topics of discussion, by indicating that, although there are difficulties in using genres in teaching-learning situations; there are also many teaching possibilities that can help teachers to contextualize work with mother language. The data enabled us to describe the genre to foment its uses in classroom through the multimodality axis.

Abstract The giant anteater (Myrmecophaga tridactyla, Pilosa, Linnaeus 1758) belongs to the mammalian order Pilosa and presents a large distribution along South America, occupying a great variety of habitats. It is listed in the IUCN Red List of threatened species as Vulnerable. Despite threatened, there is a lack of studies regarding its genetic variability. The aim of this study was to examine the genetic diversity and patterns of genetic structure within remaining populations. We analyzed 77 individuals from seven different populations distributed in four biomes across Brazil: Cerrado, Pantanal, Atlantic Forest and Amazon Forest. We sequenced two mitochondrial markers (control region and Cyt-b) and two nuclear markers (AMELY and RAG2). We found high genetic diversity within subpopulations from National Parks of Serra da Canastra and Emas, both within the Cerrado biome, with signs of population expansion. Besides, we found a notable population structure between populations from the Cerrado/Pantanal and Amazon Forest biomes. This data is a major contribution to the knowledge of the evolutionary history of the species and to future management actions concerning its conservation.

Abstract Cyclopes didactylus, commonly called silky anteater, is the smallest and least studied of the anteaters. It is an arboreal species occurring in rainforests, ranging from southern Mexico to Central and South America, with an apparently disjoint distribution between Amazon and Atlantic rainforests in Brazil. Although seven subspecies are recognized, little is known about its geographical variation. Thus, to evaluate the population dynamics and evolutionary history of the South American silky anteater, we analyzed 1542 bp sequences of the mitochondrial control region (CR), COI and Cyt-b genes of 32 individuals. Haplotype network, AMOVA and molecular dating analyses were performed and identified seven geographic clusters. The split of lineages separating Cyclopedidae (Cyclopes) and Myrmecophagidae (Myrmecophaga and Tamandua genera) was estimated around 41 million years ago (mya), and the intraspecific lineage diversification of C. didactylus began in the Miocene around 13.5 mya, likely in southwestern Amazonia. Tectonic and climatic events that took place in South America during the Tertiary and Quaternary seem to have influenced the evolutionary history of the species at different levels. This is the first study to investigate the population dynamics and phylogeography of the silky anteater, which contributes to a better comprehension of the biogeography of South America.

ABSTRACT It is believed that the two species of Tolypeutes Illiger, 1811are the only armadillos that do not dig their own burrows, and that these species simply re-use burrows dug by other species. Here, we show that Tolypeutes matacus (Desmarest, 1804) and Tolypeutes tricinctus (Linnaeus, 1758) dig their own burrows. We describe the burrows and three other types of shelters used by them, and provide measurements and frequency of use of the different types of shelter. We have studied free-ranging individuals of T. matacus in two locations in Central Brazil and individuals of T. tricinctus in semi-captivity in the Northeast of Brazil. Individuals of T. matacus were found primarily in small burrows (76%), straw nests (13%), shallow depressions covered with leaf-litter (7%) or in straw nests made on shallow depressions (4%). Adult males and females of T. matacus did not differ in frequency of use of different types of shelter. Sub-adults T. matacus used shallow depressions and nests more often (40%) than adults (22%) and nurslings (10%). Nurslings of T. matacus reused the shelters more frequently (66%), than sub-adults (46%) and adults (35%). Adult females reused burrows and other types of shelter more frequently than adult males. Tolypeutes tricinctus rested mainly in burrows and under leaf-litter, but did not dig depressions or build nests. Tolypeutes tricinctus occasionally used burrows dug by Euphractus sexcinctus (Linnaeus, 1758), but T. matacus never used burrows dug by other species. Nursling T. matacus always shared shelter with an adult female therefore, both used shelters with similar frequency. Adult females and nurslings of T. matacus reused shelters in higher frequency. That can be explained by the fact that adult females with offspring tend to remain for consecutive nights in the same burrow when cubs are recently born. Due to their smaller body size, sub-adult T. matacus used shelter strategies that require less energetic effort more frequently than adults and nurslings. The habit of covering the burrow entrance with foliage and the burrow's reduced depth, indicates that Tolypeutes use of burrows is more likely to be related to parental care behavior and thermoregulation strategies than to defense mechanisms. We are confident that the burrows used for resting were indeed dug by Tolypeutes because, besides the direct observation of armadillos digging burrows, the measures of the burrows are very distinctive from those presented as characteristic for the co-occurring burrowing species and are congruent with Tolypeutes size and carapace shape. The newly acquired knowledge that species of Tolypeutes dig burrows can be used to increase the well-being of individuals kept in captivity by adapting enclosures to enable their digging behavior. In addition, this information contributes not only to the study of the ecology and natural history of the species, but can shed new light on the study of the anatomy of specialized diggers. Tolypeutes spp. can comprise the least fossorial of all living armadillo species, but they can no longer be classified as non-diggers.

Increasing interactions between humans, domestic animals and wildlife may result in inter-species transmission of infectious agents. To evaluate the presence of pathogenic E. coli and Salmonella spp. and to test the antimicrobial susceptibility of isolates, rectal swabs from 36 different free-ranging wild mammals were taken from two distinct natural sites in Brazil: Cantareira State Park (CSP, state of São Paulo) and Santa Isabel do Rio Negro Region (SIRNR, state of Amazonas). The swabs were randomly collected and processed for bacterial isolation, identification, characterization and antimicrobial resistance. Eighteen E. coli strains from CSP and 20 from SIRNR were recovered from 14 and 22 individuals, respectively. Strains from animals captured in CSP, the site with the greatest anthropization, exhibited a higher range and percentage of virulence genes, including an eae+/bfpA+ strain. Antimicrobial resistance was verified in strains originating from both sites; however, in strains from SIRNR, aminopenicillins were almost the exclusive antimicrobial class to which strains exhibited resistance, whereas in CSP there were strains resistant to cephalosporins, sulfonamide, aminoglycoside, tetracycline and fluoroquinolone, in addition to strains exhibiting multidrug resistance. Two strains of Salmonella enterica that are known to be associated with reptiles, serotypes Belem and 60:r:e,n,z15, were recovered only from Amazonian animals and showed susceptibility to all classes of antimicrobials that were tested. Although the potential impact of these pathogens on wildlife remains unknown, bacteria isolated from free-ranging wild animals may provide relevant information about environmental health and should therefore be more deeply studied.

Resumo:Inquéritos sorológicos para detecção de anticorpos contra Leptospira interrogans, Brucella abortus, e Chlamydophila abortus foram realizados em 21 tamanduás-bandeira (Myrmecophaga tridactyla) de vida livre do Parque Nacional das Emas (Goiás, Brasil, n=6), o Parque Nacional da Serra da Canastra (Minas Gerais, Brasil, n=9) e RPPN SESC Pantanal (Mato Grosso, Brasil, n=6) entre julho de 2001 e setembro de 2006. Os sor os foram testados para anticorpos contra 22 sorotipos de Leptospira interrogans com um teste de aglutinação microscópica. Doze animais foram considerados positivos para L. interrogans sorovares sentot (n=5 em PN Emas, n=2 em PN Serra da Canastra), butembo (n=2 em PN Serra da Canastra), autumnalis, bataviae e shermani/icterohaemorrhagiae(n=1 para cada sorovar em SESC Pantanal). Uma fêmea adulta testou positivo para B. abortuscom o teste do antígeno tamponado. Todos os soros se mostraram negativos para C. abortusatravés do teste de fixação do complemento. Este é o primeiro relato de patógenos que podem interferir na dinâmica reprodutiva de populações de tamanduás em estado selvagem.

Abstract:A serological survey for antibodies against Leptospira interrogans, Brucella abortus, and Chlamydophila abortus was conducted in 21 clinically healthy, free-ranging giant ant- eaters (Myrmecophaga tridactyla) from Parque Nacional das Emas (Goiás State, Brazil; n=6), Parque Nacional da Serra da Canastra (Minas Gerais State, Brazil; n=9), and RPPN SESC Pantanal (Mato Grosso State, Brazil; n=6) between July 2001 and September 2006. Sera were screened for antibodies against 22 serovars of Leptospira interrogans with a microscopic agglutination test. Twelve tested positive for L. interrogansserovars sentot (n=5 in PN Emas, n=2 in PN Serra da Canastra), butembo (n=2 in PN Serra da Canastra), autumnalis, bataviae, and shermani/icterohaemorrhagiae(n=1 each in SESC Pantanal)One adult female tested positive for B. abortus with the buffered plate antigen test. All sera were negative for C. abortususing the complement fixation text. This is the first report of pathogens that may interfere with the reproduction and population dynamics of free-ranging giant anteaters.

Neste artigo, buscamos refletir sobre as relações entre ensino público paulista, tecnologias digitais e letramentos na contemporaneidade por meio da análise de dados coletados em um estudo de caso composto por três momentos de uma formação continuada do Programa Nacional de Formação Continuada em Tecnologia Educacional (ProInfo Integrado), a saber, (i) material de um dos cursos do programa, o "Tecnologias na Educação: ensinando e aprendendo com as TICs", (ii) aplicação desse curso por uma tutora a professores da rede do interior de São Paulo e (iii) prática de sala de aula de uma professora cursista. O objetivo específico foi identificar quais dos discursos mais comuns envolvendo letramentos e tecnologias eram percebidos em cada momento da formação, a partir da distinção de Warschauer e Ware (2008) em "enquadre da aprendizagem", "enquadre da mudança" e "enquadre do empoderamento" e apontar para as articulações existentes entre eles. Trata-se de pesquisa qualitativa, de cunho etnográfico, em que os dados foram gerados ao seguirmos e gravarmos as diversas fases dos encontros presenciais, observarmos as interações e atividades dos cursistas na plataforma on-line, de entrevistas com a tutora e com os cursistas, além da análise de documentos e dos materiais referentes ao curso e do acompanhamento e registro de aulas de uma professora cursista na escola de Educação Básica em que leciona. Os pressupostos teóricos foram baseados na concepção enunciativa sóciohistórica sobre língua e na concepção de gêneros discursivos de Bakhtin. Os resultados obtidos apontaram para diversas articulações entre ensino e tecnologias que permearam os contextos estudados e para a dificuldade de distinção entre os discursos, posto que não há separações demarcadas entre eles.

The aim of this article is to analyze the correlations between São Paulo's public state schools, digital technologies and literacies in the contemporaneity using the analysis of data from a case study composed of three moments of the National Program for Continuing Education in Educational Technology (Integrated ProInfo), namely, (i) the material used in 'Technologies in Education: teaching and learning with ICT', a course in the program, (ii) the application of this course by a teacher tutor for public schools teachers of São Paulo's countryside and (iii) the classroom practice of a teacher. The specific objective was to identify which of the most frequent discourses involving literacy and technologies were noticed in each specific moment of the education, from Warschauer and Ware (2008) distinction in "learning framework", "change framework" and "power framework" and point to the articulations which exist among them. It is a qualitative research, of an ethnographic nature, in which the data were generated as the various stages of the lessons were observed and recorded, as well as the observation of the interactions and activities of the course participants in the online platform; interviews with the tutor and course participants were conducted; besides the analysis of documents and materials related to that course and the monitoring and recording of the lessons of one of the teachers in charge at the school where she teaches. The theoretical assumptions are based on the socio-historical enunciative conception of language and Bakhtin's conception of speech genres. The results pointed to several articulations between teaching and technologies that permeated the contexts studied and the difficulty of distinguishing between discourses, since there is no marked separation between them.

Neste artigo será apresentado o trabalho de "estado da arte" a partir do levantamento de programas de pós-graduação brasileiros, em estudos linguísticos, que articulam linguagens e tecnologias digitais, a fim de se delinear as pesquisas de mestrado e doutorado sobre escrita e Tecnologias Digitais de Comunicação e Informação - TDIC - de 1999 a 2010. Para tanto, foram identificados cursos de pós-graduação nos principais centros de Ensino Superior do país e analisadas suas teses e dissertações. Pudemos verificar tendências nessas pesquisas publicadas até a primeira década do século XXI e notar como as investigações evidenciam uma complexidade de se trabalhar com objetos relacionados ao digital. Assim, acreditamos poder colaborar para conhecimento do campo que se configura, entendimento de suas pesquisas e situar os estudos linguísticos.

This paper will present the research of the "state of art" from the survey of postgraduate programs in Brazil on linguistic studies, which articulate languages and digital technologies, in order to delineate master's and doctorate's theses on writing and Digital Information and Communication - DICT - from 1999 to 2010. Postgraduate courses were, then, identified in the main universities of the country and theses and dissertations were analyzed. We could establish some trends in the papers published as far as the first decade of the 21st century as well as notice that they highlighted the complexity of working with subjects related to digital. We, therefore, believe we can contribute to the knowledge of the field which has been established, understanding its researches and situating its linguistic studies.

Obteve-se os valores hematológicos de 13 tamanduás-bandeira (Myrmecophaga tridactyla) e 13 tamanduás-mirim (Tamandua tetradactyla) adultos e saudáveis segundo exame físico, oriundos de cativeiro, da Fundação Parque Zoológico de São Paulo (São Paulo) e do Parque Zoológico Municipal Quinzinho de Barros (Sorocaba). Os parâmetros hematológicos estudados incluíram contagem total de eritrócitos e leucócitos, hematócrito, concentração de hemoglobina, volume corpuscular médio, hemoglobina corpuscular média, concentração de hemoglobina corpuscular média, proteína plasmática total estimada e contagem diferencial de leucócitos. Também se realizou a pesquisa de hemoparasitas, não se encontrando nenhum nos esfregaços sanguíneos. De maneira geral, os valores obtidos não diferiram muito daqueles presentes na pouca literatura existente, contribuindo com dados adicionais para a interpretação de resultados laboratoriais, visando acompanhamento do estado sanitário, auxílio no diagnóstico de enfermidades e programas de conservação dessas espécies.

Hematological results are reported for 13 giant anteaters (Myrmecophaga tridactyla) and 13 collared anteaters (Tamandua tetradactyla). Animals were captive-reared adults held at the Fundação Parque Zoológico de São Paulo (São Paulo, SP, Brazil) and Parque Zoológico Municipal Quinzinho de Barros (Sorocaba, SP, Brazil), and were considered healthy on physical examination. Examined parameters included red blood cell count, white blood cell count, hematocrit, hemoglobin concentration, mean corpuscular volume, mean corpuscular hemoglobin, mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration, total plasmatic protein and differential leukocyte counts. Also, a survey for hemoparasites was done and none was observed in thin blood smears. The results were generally similar to those previously reported in the exiguous literature for these species, providing further reference data for the interpretation of laboratory results besides health monitoring, assisting early disease diagnosis and providing relevant information for conservation programs for these species.

Cyclopes didactylus es uno de los xenartros menos estudiados. Su distribución abarca zonas tropicales de México, Centroamérica y Sudamérica. El objetivo de este estudio fue determinar la extensión de una población de C. didactylus aislada históricamente en la costa noreste de Brasil. Se obtuvo información sobre avistamientos, donaciones y decomisos de C. didactylus de las oficinas regionales del Instituto Brasileiro do Meio Ambiente e Recursos Renováveis (IBAMA). El área de distribución del serafín del platanar en la selva atlántica nordestina parece ser más amplia de lo conocido e incluye los estados de Rio Grande do Norte, Paraíba, Pernambuco y Alagoas.